Research Program / Extended Perception and Consciousness Transduction · 中文

psychic phenomena

心灵现象

interface 3/3 · testability 3/3 · 12 claims · claims · concept entry

This program treats the Seth Material as a source of hypotheses, not as doctrine to be validated. Lead dossiers are AI-compiled from the corpus with a book-and-session citation after every statement; literature reviews are AI web-search summaries whose references were all DOI-verified against Crossref; the agenda draft is an AI synthesis. None of it is Seth's original text, and none of it represents scientific consensus. This dossier is a machine translation; the Chinese text is authoritative.

Psychic Phenomena — Lineage File

1. What specific claims does Seth make about this concept? How many times, in which books, and does the wording change over time?

The material does not address this.

2. What mechanism does he provide?

All actions possess an electromagnetic reality that is not ordinarily perceived by the physical senses [early-sessions-5 §207]. For psychic communication to be established, it must fall within the specific electromagnetic reality range of the receiver, and be translatable by some level of the receiver's self into meaningful information [early-sessions-5 §207]. Otherwise, the communication is merely received automatically and produces action, leaving no trace, becoming only a part of new action [early-sessions-5 §207]. In order for the source of information to become consciously aware, it is often necessary to interrupt action, achieving a transposition of data from one range of electromagnetic energy to another [early-sessions-5 §207]. In the trance state, the electromagnetic aura surrounding the body changes, creating an electromagnetic instability that enables the individual to handle electromagnetic energy of greater frequency and range [early-sessions-5 §207].

Every thought, dream, and experience exists as a unique and unrepeatable electrical pulse, constituting the electrical pattern of the person who created it [early-sessions-3 §128]. The psychic aggregate is constructed electromagnetically, and positive attractive forces exist between different electrical fields, resulting in continuous movement and passage [early-sessions-3 §128]. Within the subconscious there exists a mechanism that permits the translation of ideas or inner vitality into material construction; this ability exists in atoms and molecules [early-sessions-2 §51]. This ability belongs to generalized consciousness or the subconscious, operating without ego awareness, transmitting entity data to the chromosomal system through the psychological gene system, which in turn translates it into physical codes that the physical body can follow [early-sessions-2 §51].

3. Are there observable inferences or explicit predictions (including time, quantity, conditions)?

Precognitive data belongs to "primary experience," possessing an electrical nature, received and decoded by the mind, then translated by the brain into psychological symbols; this process must pass through subconscious electrical reorganization before it can be meaningful to the conscious ego [early-sessions-3 §127].
The transmission of precognitive data must coexist with consciousness simultaneously, but cannot replace consciousness lest the ego become alert; therefore, symbols that are not immediately understood by consciousness but can be grasped afterward are often employed [early-sessions-3 §127].
By experimenting with daily predictions, comparing differences between predicted events and actually occurring events, the nature of this distortion can be clearly observed [early-sessions-3 §127].
Expectation itself is electrical reality; one not only predicts future events but creates their reality within the electrical field, thereby ensuring their existence within the physical field [early-sessions-3 §127].
In physical time measurement, what is actually measured is intensity; creation in the electrical universe can manifest as the "future" in the physical universe [early-sessions-3 §127].
The ego cannot consciously manipulate the electrical reorganization required for prediction; this must be executed by the subconscious, which is nevertheless usually impeded by its inability to utilize the intensity ranges that constitute ego meaning [early-sessions-3 §127].
When the subconscious is highly acute and circumstances are favorable, unscheduled work can be performed; during peaks of high mental activity, doubt diminishes and distortion effects correspondingly decrease [early-sessions-3 §103].
In prediction or clairvoyance, if an event would lead to strongly adverse circumstances, it will be known in advance and avoided [early-sessions-3 §103].
Data received by the inner senses is more vivid than any other data, and one is actually receiving and utilizing this data continuously; however, the conscious level refuses to acknowledge its existence [early-sessions-1 §25].
Emotional experience is an example of the vividness close to inner data; emotional experience itself cannot be observed by the outer senses, but can produce secondary physical effects, such as accelerated pulse, increased chemical and hormonal activity, etc. [early-sessions-1 §25].
Certain states of consciousness (such as the A-5 level) can allow consciousness from different eras or systems to communicate with one another; this state is rarely attained and can only occur in protected deep sleep or sudden spontaneous trance states [seth-speaks §19].
The material provides no specific predictions carrying explicit times, quantities, or catastrophic events; it offers only experimental methods and conditional descriptions [early-sessions-3 §127].

4. Where does he say the science of his time went wrong, and in what direction should it look?

Science equates "rational thought" with the entire field of thinking, causing other ways of thinking to be regarded as irrational, and making thought overly specialized, biased, and rigid [magical-approach §?].
Science attempts to adhere only to what it can prove, and builds its worldview on specific materials, thereby fragmenting reality into separate disciplines such as biology, psychology, physics, and mathematics, lacking a field that synthesizes all information, and thus unable to provide even a tentative, hypothetical, comprehensive conception of reality [magical-approach §?].
Science does not emphasize the natural cooperative forces; instead it takes pride in distinction, division, and classification, remaining blind to the equally real forces of union [magical-approach §?].
In extrasensory perception (ESP) investigation, science's error lies in using the wrong tool—it presupposes a dual ego (an acting, manipulating ego and a breathing, dreaming ego), when in fact there is only one complete self; until this is recognized, investigation is destined to progress slowly at best, and to fail completely at worst [early-sessions-1 §25].
Science insists on obtaining evidence through the outer, generally accepted senses, which almost automatically shuts down the operation of the inner senses, the very organs that receive such data [early-sessions-1 §25].
Science expects the outer senses to perform tasks for which they are unsuited, just as one might expect a camera to play music, denying music's existence because the camera cannot photograph it; meanwhile refusing to use the inner senses, the tools capable of processing such data [early-sessions-1 §25].
Spontaneity must be allowed. If data received by the inner senses is forcibly converted into forms pickable by the outer senses, the result is at best something like a mirror image requiring decipherment; the first spontaneous step must be allowed to occur—permitting oneself to freely receive inner data in a spontaneous, non-critical manner—before one can discover that such data is as legitimate, valid, diverse, and powerful as outer stimuli [early-sessions-1 §25].
Inner data should be regarded as phenomena possessing their own authenticity and impact, for the impressions of the inner senses are concrete, exerting physical effects on the brain and altering the personality just as outer stimuli do; to insist on outer sensory data as the sole standard of evidence is equivalent to demanding that a camera play music [early-sessions-1 §25].
The direction of research should turn toward understanding the inner self, for the world is fundamentally formed from within outward—from dream reality into physical reality; subjective life precedes birth and continues after death, but the greater reality exists outside the coordinates of ordinary time and space [dreams-evolution-1 §898].
Science should draw upon the so-called "primitive societies" not yet troubled by dualistic notions, which retain the recognition of the whole self and acknowledge the communication between the personality and the entity through the inner senses; Western civilization, owing to its own cultural barriers, cannot learn these [early-sessions-1 §25].
Science should employ the inner senses, trance states, hypnotic experience, and the intellectual use of intuition and imagination to transcend the limitations of the physical universe—for the universe is transparent to the inner senses, its mode of existence is electromagnetic, and all realities exist within their own bands of intensity [early-sessions-6 §248].
Science should recognize that psychic energy is the only reality from which all things emerge, and that the outer environment is a reflection of the inner environment; significant progress will be made only when it is recognized that one actually constructs one's own physical universe [early-sessions-6 §248].

5. What experiments or exercises has he suggested? What did Jane and Rob actually do and observe?

Experiments or exercises suggested by Seth

Seth suggested that Jane and Rob concentrate their mental focus on the success of Ruburt's (Jane's) book, stating that the book still carried the psychic energy they had initially invested in it, and that continued focus could help it develop smoothly [early-sessions-7 §293].
Seth mentioned "questioning the table to obtain evidence"—they could ask questions of the table on a given evening, and if a strong communicator existed, interesting results might be obtained [early-sessions-7 §293].
Seth spoke of using the pendulum as an examination tool; Jane and Rob were making efforts to conduct pendulum experiments regularly [early-sessions-4 §153].

Experiments and observations Jane and Rob actually performed

Friday, October 7, 1974: Jane, Rob, the Gallagher couple, Marilyn, and Don Wilber conducted a table tipping experiment. Initially Bill, Don, and Rob faked results, provoking strong reactions from the three women; later that evening they obtained genuine results, during which the table informed them that the communicator was Don Wilber's grandfather [early-sessions-7 §293].
The evening of January 10, 1964: Jane conducted a crystal gazing experiment, using a round glass vase filled with water, but saw nothing beyond ordinary reflections; she considered the experiment unsuccessful [early-sessions-1 §14].
1965: Session 153 noted that both Jane and Rob were diligently conducting pendulum experiments on a regular basis, and Seth encouraged this [early-sessions-4 §153].
The evening of January 10, 1964: While speaking, Jane suddenly entered a self-induced trance state or highly dissociated state lasting approximately three hours. During this time she felt her body weightless, her limbs like water or air, and her senses extraordinarily acute; she attempted to write but her handwriting differed from normal—the script was small and slanted, barely resembling her own hand; Rob had her read small print at a distance, fine print on matchboxes, and page contents, all of which she could read [early-sessions-1 §14].
In the earlier Session 11, Seth performed a hand deformation demonstration: Jane's hand, under Seth's influence, took on a claw-like shape with shortened fingers; subsequently the fingers visibly lengthened and turned white, with a second set of fingers appearing (looking like another hand with visible fingernails) [early-sessions-1 §11].
In the same session, Jane's palm became like a "short pudgy doctor's hand," cold and clammy to the touch, with bumpy skin; Seth also instructed them to look in the mirror, saying he would replace Jane's reflected image with the head of another person; Jane's head slowly drooped in the mirror, the skull shape changed, and her hair shortened [early-sessions-1 §11].
Session 293 mentions that Seth gave a "push" and "suggestions" for the success of Ruburt's book, stating that if these suggestions were followed, symptoms would not recur and no new symptoms would be adopted; he also advised him to temporarily distance himself from his friend Piper (a chiropractor) [early-sessions-7 §293].

6. Supplementary or contradictory claims from other concepts in the corpus related to this concept?

Psychic phenomena relate to the concept of the "medium": all people are essentially mediums; the term "medium" itself is absurd, for everyone operates as a medium unknowingly and yet knowingly; so-called mediums are merely those who are clearer about what they are doing [early-sessions-1 §19].
Psychic phenomena relate to "mental enzymes": mental enzymes are naturally and intimately related to psychic phenomena, just as they are related to any level or kind of energy transformation; mental enzymes are transformers of the utmost importance [early-sessions-1 §19].
Psychic phenomena relate to the "inner senses": the inner senses process the vitality beneath camouflage and constitute the fundamental level upon which psychic phenomena operate; there is no actual distinction between inner and outer senses—the outer senses are concerned only with specific camouflage at specific levels [early-sessions-1 §19].
Psychic phenomena relate to "psychic action": psychic action is any psychic event, such as a dream or thought, which may have no existence in space and time; every psychic action exists, is effective, and possesses persistence in terms of value fulfillment [early-sessions-2 §57].
Psychic phenomena relate to "ego projection": thoughts, dreams, purposes, intentions, plans, and wishes are constantly projected outward from the ego core, through matter; every ego is constantly emitting this energy while simultaneously being affected by the energy of others [early-sessions-2 §57].
Psychic phenomena relate to "secondary personalities": secondary personalities are gestalts of more or less loosely associated psychic events that seek fulfillment in the dream world; no psychic action is static, and no psychic action is barren [early-sessions-2 §57].
Psychic phenomena relate to the "need for communication": an individual's interest in psychic phenomena arises precisely from the need for communication; because such a personality's communication is restricted, it seeks satisfaction and success through domains related to psychic phenomena [early-sessions-3 §89].

7. Questions not yet asked

Could an experiment be designed to record electromagnetic field changes using high-sensitivity magnetoencephalography (MEG) during trance states, comparing spectral differences with waking states, to test Seth's speculation that electromagnetic instability enables the processing of a wider frequency range?
Could subjects be trained to record skin conductance and heart rate variability during prediction tasks, to test whether Seth's statement that "expectation itself is electrical reality" corresponds to measurable autonomic signal changes?
Could transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) be used to disrupt specific brain regions, testing whether Seth's so-called "subconscious electrical reorganization" depends on the known default mode network or prefrontal-limbic circuits?
Could EEG coherence be compared between primary trance states (such as meditation) and the A-5 level state described by Seth, to determine whether his "communication of consciousness from different eras or systems" possesses quantifiable markers of neural synchronization?
Could subjects attempt "psychic communication" in the laboratory with simultaneous EEG recording of both parties, analyzing whether cross-individual phase locking exists, to test the detectability of Seth's "receiver's electromagnetic reality range"?

Appendix: Claim List (for Stage C)

id	claim	type	source
psychic-phenomena-1	All actions possess an electromagnetic reality not ordinarily perceived by the physical senses; psychic communication must fall within the receiver's specific electromagnetic reality range and be translatable by some level of the receiver's self into meaningful information.	mechanism description	early-sessions-5 §207
psychic-phenomena-2	In the trance state, the electromagnetic aura surrounding the body changes, creating an electromagnetic instability that enables the individual to handle electromagnetic energy of greater frequency and range.	mechanism description	early-sessions-5 §207
psychic-phenomena-3	Within the subconscious there exists a mechanism permitting the translation of ideas or inner vitality into material construction; this ability exists in atoms and molecules, transmitting entity data to the chromosomal system through the psychological gene system.	mechanism description	early-sessions-2 §51
psychic-phenomena-4	Precognitive data belongs to "primary experience," possessing an electrical nature, received and decoded by the mind, then translated by the brain into psychological symbols; this process must pass through subconscious electrical reorganization before it can be meaningful to the conscious ego.	mechanism description	early-sessions-3 §127
psychic-phenomena-5	Every thought, dream, and experience exists as a unique and unrepeatable electrical pulse, constituting the electrical pattern of the person who created it.	ontological assertion	early-sessions-3 §128
psychic-phenomena-6	Expectation itself is electrical reality; one not only predicts future events but creates their reality within the electrical field, thereby ensuring their existence within the physical field.	ontological assertion	early-sessions-3 §127
psychic-phenomena-7	In physical time measurement, what is actually measured is intensity; creation in the electrical universe can manifest as the "future" in the physical universe.	ontological assertion	early-sessions-3 §127
psychic-phenomena-8	Psychic energy is the only reality from which all things emerge; the outer environment is a reflection of the inner environment; significant progress will be made only when it is recognized that one actually constructs one's own physical universe.	ontological assertion	early-sessions-6 §248
psychic-phenomena-9	All people are essentially mediums; the term "medium" itself is absurd, for everyone operates as a medium unknowingly and yet knowingly.	ontological assertion	early-sessions-1 §19
psychic-phenomena-10	Every psychic action exists, is effective, and possesses persistence in terms of value fulfillment.	ontological assertion	early-sessions-2 §57
psychic-phenomena-11	Science expects the outer senses to perform tasks for which they are unsuited, just as one might expect a camera to play music, denying music's existence because the camera cannot photograph it; meanwhile refusing to use the inner senses, the tools capable of processing such data.	methodological suggestion	early-sessions-1 §25
psychic-phenomena-12	The direction of research should turn toward understanding the inner self, for the world is fundamentally formed from within outward—from dream reality into physical reality; subjective life precedes birth and continues after death, but the greater reality exists outside the coordinates of ordinary time and space.	methodological suggestion	dreams-evolution-1 §898

Literature review · 20 DOI-verified references · generated 2026-09-05 · ★ fundable

Review of the Current State of Research on Psychic Phenomena

Supporting 0 ｜ Contested 0 ｜ Unstudied 9 ｜ Contradicted 3

psychic-phenomena-1｜untested

Claim: All actions possess an electromagnetic reality that is not normally perceived by the physical senses; psychic communication must fall within the specific electromagnetic reality range of the receiver and can be translated by some layer of the receiver's self into meaningful information. (early-sessions-5 §207)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

David J. Acunzo, Andrea H. Denton, Marina Weiler, Edward F. Kelly (2026). Neuroimaging studies of extra-sensory perception: A systematic and critical review. NeuroImage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121937 — Related research: Summarizing 143 reports and evaluating 129 studies, it found small samples, insufficient multiple-comparison control, and poor replicability, and concluded that neural mechanisms for anomalous information acquisition have not yet been established. Paper
Adrian P. Burgess (2013). On the interpretation of synchronization in EEG hyperscanning studies: a cautionary note. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00881 — Methodological evidence: Pseudo-paired EEG without actual interaction can also produce apparent inter-brain synchronization, so phase locking alone cannot prove information transfer. Paper

Adjudication experiment: A two-person simultaneous EEG experiment is feasible: first calibrate instrument crosstalk and shielding with 30 pairs of participants, then recruit approximately 200 pairs across 3 centers, with each pair completing 4 sessions of 100 random-target trials each, over an 18–24 month period. The sender alone views the random target; the receiver makes forced choices in a soundproofed, optically isolated environment; both ends record with independent power supplies, comparing calibrated electromagnetic shielding, sham shielding, and no-sender conditions. The primary endpoints are receiver accuracy and target-information decoding on held-out data, with phase locking as a secondary endpoint; time-shifted, pseudo-paired, common-stimulus, and device-no-load controls are used. Only if accuracy is reproducibly above chance and shows reproducible changes with attenuation in a pre-specified frequency band would an electromagnetic channel be supported; causal verification would still require field replay and band-blocking.

Suggested paper title: A Pre-registered Multicentre Test of Information Transfer and Interbrain EEG Coupling under Calibrated Electromagnetic Shielding

Core disruption: If a repeatable extra-personal electromagnetic information channel with frequency response were found, it would revise the assumption that interpersonal information acquisition is explained by known sensory channels and measurable physical signaling mechanisms.

Related teams/funders: David J. Acunzo, Marina Weiler; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies; Matthew J. Brookes; University of Nottingham, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre

Specificity of the Seth formulation: It proposes a reception range and translation process, adding one more layer of mechanistic description than generalized psychic communication, but it does not specify frequency, field strength, attenuation laws, or encoding; only by fixing these parameters in advance can predictions be distinguished from general anomalous cognition hypotheses.

Notes: Each entry in the table is rated according to its uniquely strong claim; untested means that this search found no research directly testing the complete proposition, and is not proof that no one has studied it; related research is not counted as direct support. All sample sizes and durations are planning-level estimates and must ultimately undergo power analysis based on the minimal meaningful effect and hierarchical structure; who indicates related workers, not endorsement of the claim. Current anomalous communication research

psychic-phenomena-2｜untested

Claim: In trance states, the electromagnetic aura around the body changes, creating electromagnetic instability that enables the individual to process electromagnetic energy of greater frequency and range. (early-sessions-5 §207)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Emma R. Huels, Hyoungkyu Kim et al. (2021). Neural Correlates of the Shamanic State of Consciousness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.610466 — Related evidence: High-density EEG studies of 24 practitioners and 24 controls found trance-related neural activity differences, but did not test extracorporeal auras or reception bandwidth for external electromagnetic information. Paper
Elena Boto, Niall Holmes et al. (2018). Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26147 — Technical evidence: Wearable magnetic sensors can measure weak magnetic fields produced by neural currents, providing the technical basis for MEG research on trance states. Paper
Masaki Kobayashi, Daisuke Kikuchi, Hitoshi Okamura (2009). Imaging of Ultraweak Spontaneous Photon Emission from Human Body Displaying Diurnal Rhythm. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006256 — Related evidence: The human body exhibits ultraweak photon emission with diurnal variation, but the research did not address trance, semantic information, or reception capacity. Paper

Adjudication experiment: Feasible, but must proceed in two phases: Phase 1 recruits 60 practitioners with stable induction abilities and 60 matched controls, completing repeated measures of waking, meditation, trance, and simulated trance, using SQUID-MEG or calibrated OPM-MEG, with simultaneous recording of eye movements, EMG, ECG, respiration, and head motion; pre-register spectral power, aperiodic components, non-stationarity, and source-space connectivity metrics. Phase 2, in an independent sample, uses safe, double-blind, randomized on/off external fields presented with cross-frequency encoding to test reception thresholds and information-decoding bandwidth; over an 18–24 month period. A-5 comparisons may include an additional exploratory cohort of approximately 40 per group, but a reproducible induction protocol and independent state assessment must first be established; A-5 cannot be defined retroactively from EEG results.

Suggested paper title: MEG Spectral Dynamics and Electromagnetic Detection Thresholds during Experimentally Induced Absorptive States

Core disruption: If trance were shown to enhance electromagnetic information reception beyond known sensory thresholds, it would revise current models of human detection thresholds and transduction mechanisms for external electromagnetic signals.

Related teams/funders: Matthew J. Brookes; University of Nottingham, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre; Helané Wahbeh; Institute of Noetic Sciences; Antoine Lutz; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center

Specificity of the Seth formulation: "Instability leading to a wider reception range" has potential directional predictions, but does not define the relationship between instability and frequency range; increased high-frequency EEG power, increased broadband noise, and increased reception bandwidth are three distinct propositions.

Notes: This search found no peer-reviewed EEG research treating A-5 as a validated experimental state; meditation also cannot be uniformly regarded as a trance state, and cross-state coherence differences cannot prove cross-temporal communication. MEG, body-surface electric fields, and ultraweak photon emission must each be measured separately. MEG research direction

psychic-phenomena-3｜untested

Claim: There is a mechanism in the subconscious that allows ideas or inner vitality to be converted into material construction; this capacity resides in atoms and molecules and transmits substantive data to the chromosome system through a psychological gene system. (early-sessions-2 §51)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Michael Levin (2021). Bioelectric signaling: Reprogrammable circuits underlying embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.034 — Related mechanistic review: Membrane potentials, ion channels, and intercellular electrical coupling can regulate gene expression and morphogenesis, but found no evidence of a psychological gene system or substantive data transmission from ideas to chromosomes. Paper

Adjudication experiment: The molecular carrier, input content, and predicted output of the "psychological gene" must first be specified, otherwise the full mechanism cannot be adjudicated. A restricted version can be tested first: approximately 150 donors participate in a randomized crossover of directed imagery, general relaxation, and neutral tasks, with each condition repeated 3 times, measuring autonomic, hormonal, and peripheral cell transcriptional changes; sera are then applied to blinded reporter cells in culture, with receptor blockade and ion-channel interventions to test known mediator pathways, over an 18–24 month period. If claims further require no humoral or contact transmission, separate pre-registered isolated-culture experiments should be conducted, treating culture batches rather than individual cells as independent replicates. Only upon identifying a novel carrier and completing blockade, rescue, and information-specificity verification would the psychological gene mechanism be approached.

Suggested paper title: Testing Molecular Mediators of Mental-State-Associated Transcriptional and Bioelectric Changes

Core disruption: If a mental-information carrier independent of known neural, endocrine, and cellular signaling pathways were identified, it would revise the assumption that chromosomal regulation is mediated by identifiable physicochemical mechanisms.

Related teams/funders: Michael Levin; Tufts University, Allen Discovery Center; Helané Wahbeh; Institute of Noetic Sciences

Specificity of the Seth formulation: The psychological gene system is an additional mechanism name, but it lacks carrier, sequence, localization, and rules of action, and currently offers no more clearly distinguishable predictions than bioelectric and psychoneuroendocrine models.

Notes: Mental states affecting gene expression does not mean thoughts generate matter, nor does it mean DNA sequences are altered; modern biology has long recognized that gene expression is regulated by multiple physiological layers. Levin Laboratory

psychic-phenomena-4｜untested

Claim: Predictive data belong to "primary experience," are electrical in nature, are received and decoded by the mind, and are then converted by the brain into psychological symbols; this process requires electrical recombination in the subconscious before it can become meaningful to the conscious ego. (early-sessions-3 §127)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Daryl Bem, Patrizio E. Tressoldi, Thomas Rabeyron, Michael Duggan (2016). Feeling the future: A meta-analysis of 90 experiments on the anomalous anticipation of random future events. F1000Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7177.2 — Positive summary of related phenomena: Reported anomalous anticipation effects for random future events, but did not test electrical data independent of the brain or the decoding chain; the listed DOI is the 2016 revised version. Paper
Jan Walleczek, Nikolaus von Stillfried, Stefan Schmidt, Marc Wittmann, Karolina A. Kirmse, Jorge Moll, Zoltan Kekecs (2025). Metascientific replication project with the advanced meta-experimental protocol of the transparent psi project procedures for testing the precognitive effect claimed by Bem. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0335330 — Key replication evidence: 26,483 participants and 420,472 key trials did not establish a stable precognition effect; one reverse-direction anomaly was not replicated in subsequent research. Paper
Daniel Bor, David J. Schwartzman, Adam B. Barrett, Anil K. Seth (2017). Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation to the prefrontal or parietal cortex does not impair metacognitive visual awareness. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171793 — Related methodological evidence: Prior findings that prefrontal stimulation impairs visual metacognition were not replicated, indicating that TMS disruption of subjective reports cannot be directly interpreted as interrupting a specific decoding mechanism. Paper

Adjudication experiment: First, test prediction accuracy with a multi-center pre-registered task of approximately 1,000 people, each completing approximately 200 trials: targets are generated only after responses are irreversibly recorded, with locked time windows, filtering procedures, and exclusion criteria. If an effect is independently replicated, a double-blind crossover TMS study of approximately 150 people compares individualized dorsolateral prefrontal targets, accessible default-mode network cortical nodes, active control, and sham stimulation, combined with EEG, separately testing accuracy, confidence, and metacognitive efficiency, over 24–36 months. Conventional TMS cannot selectively stimulate the entire default-mode network or deep limbic structures; if it affects only confidence and not anomalous accuracy, the proposed decoding chain is not supported.

Suggested paper title: A Pre-registered Test of Future-Target Prediction and Its Sensitivity to Network-Targeted Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Core disruption: If prior brain signals were recorded that are determined by later independent random events and reproducibly decodable, it would revise the assumption that no usable information link exists between future independent random inputs and current neural representations.

Related teams/funders: Zoltan Kekecs; Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology; David J. Acunzo; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies; Stefan Schmidt; University of Freiburg

Specificity of the Seth formulation: The precognition phenomenon itself is contested, and the originally proposed chain of mind reception—subconscious recombination—brain symbolization has not been directly tested; without independent measurement definitions for each stage, it cannot be distinguished from general unconscious processing.

Notes: The status is untested for the specific mechanism; the related precognition phenomenon may be rated as contested, but this does not mean the two sides of evidence carry equal weight, as strict replication results significantly constrain the range of effects that can be established.

psychic-phenomena-5｜contradicted

Claim: Every thought, dream, and experience exists as a unique and unrepeatable electrical pulse and constitutes the electrical pattern of the person who created it. (early-sessions-3 §128)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Francesca Siclari, Benjamin Baird, Lampros Perogamvros et al. (2017). The neural correlates of dreaming. Nature Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4545 — Dream occurrence and some content are associated with regional, frequency-band brain activity; the evidence points to population-level neural activity and does not show that each dream corresponds to a single unique electrical pulse. Paper
Sheena A. Josselyn, Susumu Tonegawa (2020). Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw4325 — Memory engram research involves distributed cell populations, connectivity, and plasticity, including repeated reactivation, and does not support equating the existence of an experience with a single unrepeatable electrical pulse. Paper

Adjudication experiment: Recruit approximately 100 healthy participants for repeated imagery, recall, and 5-night sleep EEG, plus data from approximately 30 patients undergoing intracranial recording for clinical necessity, over an 18–24 month period. Pre-register comparisons of single-event pulse, population spatiotemporal encoding, and individual stable-pattern models, testing decoding performance and representational recurrence with held-out data across days and tasks. The exact non-replicability of microstates cannot be proven by finite-resolution recording; the research can only adjudicate the one-to-one pulse encoding hypothesis at explicitly specified spatial and temporal precision.

Suggested paper title: Testing Single-Event and Distributed Neural Codes across Repeated Imagery, Recall, and Dream Reports

Core disruption: If every complete experience were shown to be encoded by one necessary and sufficient unique electrical pulse, it would overturn the encoding hypothesis that complete cognitive content depends on distributed neural population activity.

Related teams/funders: Francesca Siclari; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience; Sheena A. Josselyn; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto

Specificity of the Seth formulation: Taken literally as "each experience is an electrical pulse," this conflicts with known encoding mechanisms; if "electrical pulse" is used loosely to mean complex activity patterns, the weak version is compatible with neuroscience, but uniqueness and non-replicability lack specified judgment precision.

Notes: contradicted is limited to the strict one-to-one electrical pulse ontological formulation and does not deny that thoughts are accompanied by electrical activity or that brain patterns contain individual information. Siclari Research Group

psychic-phenomena-6｜untested

Claim: Expectation itself is an electrical reality; one not only predicts future events but creates their reality within the electrical field, thereby ensuring their existence within the physical field. (early-sessions-3 §127)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Frank Zimmermann-Viehoff, Karin Meissner, Julia Koch, Cora S. Weber, Steffen Richter, Hans-Christian Deter (2013). Autonomic effects of suggestive placebo interventions to increase or decrease blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial in healthy subjects. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.011 — Directly relevant autonomic paradigm: A 92-person randomized trial measuring HRV and skin conductance found no specific between-group effects of verbal suggestion on blood pressure, heart rate, or HRV, indicating that subjective expectation does not guarantee physiological indicators change according to suggestion. Paper
Michael Duggan, Patrizio Tressoldi (2018). Predictive physiological anticipatory activity preceding seemingly unpredictable stimuli: An update of Mossbridge et al's meta-analysis. F1000Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14330.2 — Contested related evidence: Summarized studies of physiological anticipation before unpredictable stimuli and reported positive effects; included both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed studies and cannot distinguish precognition, analytical bias, or expectation creating events. Paper

Adjudication experiment: Skin conductance and HRV can be trained and recorded: approximately 300 people are randomized into expectancy training, active training control, and no-training groups, trained for 4 weeks, completing learnable probability tasks and independent random-target tasks at baseline and after training, over a 12–18 month period. Skin conductance, ECG, and respiration are recorded simultaneously; HRV uses pre-specified multi-minute segments; skin conductance is analyzed at the trial level; targets are generated after predictions are submitted, and remote random devices that participants cannot view are added. The main distinction is among three outcomes: expectation altering autonomic activity, improving predictive ability using cues, and changing the external random distribution; only the third, if independently replicated, would approximate a weakened operational version of "creating external events."

Suggested paper title: Expectancy Training, Autonomic Dynamics, and Independently Generated Outcomes: A Pre-registered Randomized Trial

Core disruption: If expectation altered distal random outcomes after excluding behavioral and physical coupling, it would revise the assumption that autonomic state and isolated random device outputs are conditionally independent.

Related teams/funders: Helané Wahbeh; Institute of Noetic Sciences; Zoltan Kekecs; Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology

Specificity of the Seth formulation: "Ensuring physical existence" is much stronger than ordinary expectancy effects, but it does not explain conflicting expectations, unrealized expectations, or success rates; outcome distribution predictions must be given in advance, and any result cannot be retroactively attributed to subconscious expectation.

Notes: Skin conductance is a sweat-gland-related conductance indicator and HRV is a measure of inter-beat interval variability; neither is equivalent to an external creative electrical field; the uniquely claimed electrical field creation mechanism in this entry has not been directly tested, while the related anticipatory physiological phenomena are contested.

psychic-phenomena-7｜contradicted

Claim: In physical time measurement, what is actually measured is intensity; creation in the electrical universe can manifest as the "future" in the physical universe. (early-sessions-3 §127)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Tobias Bothwell, Colin J. Kennedy et al. (2022). Resolving the gravitational redshift across a millimetre-scale atomic sample. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04349-7 — Precision timekeeping evidence: Atomic clocks at millimeter scale resolve gravitational redshift consistent with relativistic predictions, supporting timekeeping described by frequency comparison and proper time, and not supporting equating timekeeping quantities with undefined intensity. Paper

Adjudication experiment: Intensity must first be defined as an independently measurable quantity with a proposed time–intensity relationship. If electromagnetic field strength is meant, at least two types of atomic clocks and two independent laboratories should perform blinded field-intensity modulation, controlling temperature, motion, gravitational potential, AC Stark shifts, and Zeeman shifts, accumulating approximately 1,000 hours of comparison data over 18–24 months; test whether residual deviations exist that are consistent across clock species and beyond known systematic shifts. If subjective experiential intensity is meant, a separate time-estimation experiment with approximately 200 people is needed, which cannot adjudicate physical time ontology. For the part about electrical creation manifesting as the future, additional cross-temporal information predictions would also be required.

Suggested paper title: Testing Field-Intensity-Dependent Clock-Rate Deviations with Independent Optical Frequency Standards

Core disruption: If a universal intensity-dependent timekeeping law were found that cannot be attributed to known frequency shifts, it would revise the assumption that ideal clocks measure proper time and its relativistic transformations.

Related teams/funders: Jun Ye; JILA, University of Colorado Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology

Specificity of the Seth formulation: It provides no units for intensity, reference frame, or transformation equations, and is therefore no more specific than relativity; explaining physical time through experiential intensity conflates variables at different levels.

Notes: contradicted applies to the literal physical assertion that "what is measured is not time but intensity"; the electrical universe and its future projection remain unoperationalized, and atomic clock experiments alone cannot exclude arbitrarily redefined metaphysical explanations. Ye Laboratory

psychic-phenomena-8｜untested

Claim: Psychic energy is the only reality from which all things arise; the external environment is a reflection of the inner environment; significant progress occurs only when one recognizes that one actually constructs one's own material universe. (early-sessions-6 §248)

Evidence: None (or verification failed and was deleted)

Adjudication experiment: "The sole reality of all things" cannot be adjudicated by finite experiments; the only option is to convert the environment-reflects-inner-state claim into a restricted causal hypothesis. Approximately 600 people across 3 centers are randomly assigned to manipulations of expectation regarding the output of sealed distal devices, each completing multiple sessions for at least 100,000 pre-registered outputs; include empty-room, sham-feedback, no-person, and blinded-analysis controls, over 18–24 months. Effect direction, effect size, and distance relationships must be specified in advance, with electronic interference, device drift, and outcome selection excluded; even repeated positive results would only support a specific mind–device association and cannot prove that the entire universe is produced by the psyche.

Suggested paper title: A Pre-registered Multisite Test of Mental-State-Dependent Changes in Physically Isolated Random Processes

Core disruption: If isolated device outputs were causally altered by mental states, it would revise the assumption that their outputs are independent of the observer's psychological state given fixed physical conditions.

Related teams/funders: Helané Wahbeh; Institute of Noetic Sciences; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies

Specificity of the Seth formulation: This belongs to a broadly idealist ontological position and provides no quantitative predictions distinguishing it from other idealist or empirically equivalent physical models.

Notes: No paper directly testing "psychic energy is the sole reality of all things" was found, so the evidence field is left empty; perceptual construction, placebo effects, and quantum measurement studies cannot directly imply this conclusion. Related research institution

psychic-phenomena-9｜untested

Claim: All people are essentially psychics; the term "psychic" itself is absurd, because everyone operates as a medium both unconsciously and knowingly. (early-sessions-1 §19)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Patrizio E. Tressoldi, Lance Storm (2024). Stage 2 Registered Report: Anomalous perception in a Ganzfeld condition - A meta-analysis of more than 40 years investigation. F1000Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51746.4 — Related and contested evidence: Ganzfeld research summaries report average anomalous perception effects, but population-average results cannot prove that every individual possesses the ability; the listed DOI is the 2024 fourth version. Paper
Zoltan Kekecs, Bence Palfi et al. (2023). Raising the value of research studies in psychological science by increasing the credibility of research reports: the transparent Psi project. Royal Society Open Science. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191375 — Related counter-evidence: Highly transparent multi-laboratory precognition replication studies did not support the target effect, and universal ability cannot be inferred from prior positive reports. Paper

Adjudication experiment: Conduct a stratified-sample cohort of approximately 2,000 ordinary people covering different ages, cultures, and beliefs, using isolated random-target communication tasks, measuring each person 10 times over six months for a total of approximately 500 trials, over a 24–36 month overall period. Pre-register minimal ability thresholds and hierarchical mixed models, comparing universal weak ability, stable ability in a minority, and chance-level performance; candidate high-performers found must be independently retested with new targets and new experimenters. This scale can estimate the prevalence of ability above a certain threshold but cannot prove that every person possesses arbitrarily weak or never-manifesting ability.

Suggested paper title: Population Prevalence and Test–Retest Reliability of Above-Chance Performance in Sensory-Isolated Information Tasks

Core disruption: If a broad population reliably acquired target information after isolation from known information channels, it would revise the assumption that such tasks produce only chance-level performance in the population.

Related teams/funders: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies; Helané Wahbeh; Institute of Noetic Sciences; Zoltan Kekecs; Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology

Specificity of the Seth formulation: "All people" is stronger than claiming only some have anomalous abilities and is in principle more vulnerable to counterexamples; but "operating unconsciously," if it permits abilities that never manifest, loses falsifiability.

Notes: The status applies to the universality assertion that has not been established; the anomalous perception field itself is contested, and experience surveys, belief proportions, and the performance of a few selected individuals cannot substitute for population-level ability estimation.

psychic-phenomena-10｜untested

Claim: Every psychic action exists, has effects, and possesses persistence in terms of value fulfillment. (early-sessions-2 §57)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Sheena A. Josselyn, Susumu Tonegawa (2020). Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw4325 — Related evidence: Experiences can form persistent and reactivatable memory traces, but this does not prove that every psychic action is permanently preserved, nor does it measure value fulfillment. Paper

Adjudication experiment: First restrict persistence to measurable durations and effects to memory, choice, or behavioral change. Approximately 500 people receive randomly assigned brief imagery, value-reflection, or neutral tasks, with behavioral and memory measures at the same day, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months, and repeated neural recordings for approximately 100, over 18–24 months. Pre-register equivalence bounds to test whether effects decay to a practically negligible range; if unmeasurable permanent value is insisted upon, no experiment can adjudicate it, and finite follow-up cannot prove infinite persistence.

Suggested paper title: Persistence and Decay of Behavioral and Neural Effects Following Brief Mental Events: A Pre-registered Longitudinal Study

Core disruption: If every brief mental event left a permanent and recoverable functional trace, it would revise the assumption that some mental events do not form persistently available memories.

Related teams/funders: Sheena A. Josselyn; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Antoine Lutz; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center

Specificity of the Seth formulation: "Value fulfillment" has no objective scale and "persistence" has no duration; weakening to the claim that mental activity can have long-term effects is already supported by research, and the original formulation offers no additional distinguishable prediction.

Notes: Behavioral forgetting does not necessarily mean the trace is completely gone, but transient recoverability of traces also cannot prove permanent existence; research must avoid over-inference in either direction. Josselyn Laboratory research direction

psychic-phenomena-11｜contradicted

Claim: Science expects the external senses to perform tasks for which they are unsuited, like expecting a camera to play music—denying the existence of music because the camera cannot photograph it—while refusing to use the inner senses, which are the tools capable of handling such data. (early-sessions-1 §25)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Antoine Lutz, Jean-Philippe Lachaux, Jacques Martinerie, Francisco J. Varela (2002). Guiding the study of brain dynamics by using first-person data: Synchrony patterns correlate with ongoing conscious states during a simple visual task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.032658199 — Direct counterexample: This study combined trained first-person reports with EEG synchrony analysis, showing that scientific methods can incorporate introspective data. Paper
Francesca Siclari, Benjamin Baird, Lampros Perogamvros et al. (2017). The neural correlates of dreaming. Nature Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4545 — Direct counterexample: Subjective dream reports after sleep awakening were linked with EEG, showing that modern research does not generally reject first-person experience. Paper

Adjudication experiment: To test whether trained introspection provides incrementally valid information, recruit approximately 180 people, randomly assigned to 4 weeks of structured introspection training, active interview training, or no training, performing ambiguous perception and confidence-judgment tasks, over 9–12 months. Blindly code reports, compare cross-subject held-out prediction performance with and without introspective variables, and pre-register metacognitive accuracy and report reliability; if further claims of access to externally unknown information are made, an isolated random-target task must be added, and subjective richness cannot be used as a success metric.

Suggested paper title: Incremental Predictive Value of Trained First-Person Reports for Neural Dynamics and Perceptual Decisions

Core disruption: If introspection training improved independent prediction performance, it would only revise the assumption that first-person reports provide no incremental information in specific models, not overturn modern scientific methodology.

Related teams/funders: Antoine Lutz; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; Francesca Siclari; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience

Specificity of the Seth formulation: As a proposal to use appropriate tools and study subjective experience, it is close to neurophenomenology; treating the inner senses as reliable detectors of external information, however, still lacks operational definition and independent verification.

Notes: contradicted applies only to the generalization that contemporary science "refuses to use inner experience," not as a historical judgment of all scientific practice in the 1960s; methodological proposals themselves should not be rated as natural laws. Contemporary meditation research project

psychic-phenomena-12｜untested

Claim: Research should turn toward understanding the inner self, because the world is fundamentally formed from within outward—from dream reality into physical reality; subjective life precedes birth and continues after death, but the great reality exists outside the coordinates of ordinary time and space. (dreams-evolution-1 §898)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

Sam Parnia, Tara Keshavarz Shirazi et al. (2023). AWAreness during REsuscitation - II: A multi-center study of consciousness and awareness in cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109903 — Related evidence: Research on memory, consciousness reports, and EEG during cardiac arrest resuscitation; experiences during resuscitation cannot be equated with consciousness persisting after irreversible death, and did not test pre-birth subjects or dreams generating the material world. Paper

Adjudication experiment: The complete proposition cannot be adjudicated by a single study and should be decomposed: ① Approximately 500 people keep timestamped dream diaries for 180 consecutive days, with random targets generated only after reports are sealed, using pre-registered blinded rating and semantic scoring, over 18–24 months, testing only information links between dreams and future targets; ② 30–50 hospitals prospectively enroll approximately 3,000–5,000 cardiac arrest cases, recording resuscitation EEG, cerebral oxygenation, and timestamped hidden audiovisual targets, over 3–5 years, evaluating the effective sample by the number of participants with actual target exposure who complete interviews; ③ Approximately 200 children claiming past-life memories have statements sealed before any family contact, verified by blinded investigators, with region-matched controls and information-leak audits, over 3–5 years. Even if all three are positive, they cannot individually prove that consciousness exists outside all space-time.

Suggested paper title: Prospective Verification of Time-Stamped Dream Reports, Awareness during Resuscitation, and Unexplained Autobiographical Claims

Core disruption: If people could be independently verified to acquire new information when brain function is insufficient to support the experience, it would revise the assumption that the formation of new conscious experiences depends on contemporaneous brain function.

Related teams/funders: Sam Parnia; New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Critical Care and Resuscitation Research Program; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies; Francesca Siclari; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience

Specificity of the Seth formulation: It strings together dreams generating the world, pre-birth existence, post-death persistence, and transcendence of space-time into one narrative, without quantitative relationships among the parts; even if the component studies were positive, they could not uniquely identify this entire explanatory framework.

Notes: "Pre-birth," if it refers only to the fetal period, does not necessarily challenge brain-dependence models; the truly critical question is whether an already-existing personality independent of the fetal brain is claimed, and cardiac arrest must also be distinguished from irreversible death. Related research project